Pineapple plant named ‘Honey Gold’

ABSTRACT

A new pineapple variety named “Honey Gold” is provided. High levels of brix, total sugars, citric acid and ascorbic acid characterize the variety. The new variety bears 0-3 slips.

Latin name: Ananas comosus.

Variety denomination: ‘Honey Gold’.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention comprises a new and distinct pineapple variety of Ananas comosus, hereinafter referred to by the variety name ‘Honey Gold’. The variety has been developed by using clonal selection within the parent population. The process started at the end of 1997 using material from the hybrid Tainung 11 (also known as Perfume pineapple in Taiwan)(non patented). The original seedlings were asexually reproduced using stem cuttings and crowns (asexual seeds). The pineapple plant ‘Honey Gold’ was developed through mass selection at the research area of Corporacion de Desarrollo Agricola Del Monte, S.A.Pindeco, Buenos Aires-Puntarenas, Costa Rica. The process of mass selection took five years of consecutive plantings and selections.

The main objective of the selection program, was to obtain a pineapple variety with a nice tasting fruit, that would keep the original aroma, with fruit of an appropriate size and shape, but distinguished for having a higher concentration of ascorbic and citric acid, brix or soluble solids, an fewer plant slips, with respect to the parental line.

Personnel in Buenos Aires-Puntarenas, Costa Rica, have developed this new plant. From a group of 19 crowns (asexual seeds) (original parental population) obtained through personnel in Hong Kong, the process of sowing began in Buenos Aires Puntarenas, Costa Rica, by selecting the plants with better characteristics through three generations.

The clone selected after all this effort, resembles the original parental material, but it is distinquished by its higher sugar (TSS), citric acid, ascorbic acid levels, and also by the fewer slips per plant and fewer spines in the leaves.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a new and distinct variety of the Bromeliaceae, or pineapple family, which was derived by clonal selection from the hybrid Tainung 11, or Perfume pineapple, after continued five year selection and reproduction effort.

The new plant variety is characterized by smooth leaves, with occasional presence of spines on the leaf tips; by the reduced number of slips and the higher citric acid and ascorbic acid levels, and the higher soluble solids content of the fruit flesh, when compared with the parental line. The fruit is cylindrical to conic in shape, of medium size, and very resistant to skin dehydration damage. Mature fruit has an intense yellow color and a strong and sweet aroma, and a wonderful taste, characteristic of the parental line. It is susceptible to chill damage (or internal browning). Even in the absence of refrigeration, the shelf life of the fruit is very long, when compared with other varieties as evidenced by less fruit fermentation, dehydration and brown spots. This new variety produces moderate yields of fruit, best suited for the fresh market.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1. Shows the lateral view of a plant and root system against a metric ruler.

FIG. 2. Shows a ‘Honey Gold’ plantation.

FIG. 3. Shows an overhead view of a ‘Honey Gold’ plant.

FIG. 4. Shows a close-up of an immature fruit.

FIG. 5. Shows a close-up of a mature fruit

FIG. 6. Shows a mature plant with three or less slips. Age of the plant is 354 days after planting. MA-2 is breeder's number.

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANT

The following detailed description of the new variety is based on observations of well fertilized specimens which were grown under field conditions, in the Buenos Aires region, Costa Rica, at 350 msnm, where temperatures generally range form 14° C. to 37° C., and annual rainfall averages 3251 mm.

The plants were grown at a research facility in Buenos Aires-Puntarenas, Costa Rica.

Color terminology and color designations reported herein are in accordance with Munsell Color Notations for plant tissues published by Munsell Color Macbeth, a division of Kollmorgen Corporation, Baltimore, Md., USA.

The following description was taken at harvest beginning of 2003, of the general population of this new variety, which was sowed from asexual seed. The harvest was 354 days after planting.

-   Plant identification: -   Name: Ananas comosus. -   Parentage: Tainung 11 (Perfume pineapple). -   Origin: Clonal selection, through 5 years of consecutive selections     and reproductions (three generations). -   Classification: -   I. Botanic: Bromeliaceae or pineapple family. Subfamily:     Bromelioideae. Genus: Ananas. Subgenus: comosus. Variety: ‘Honey     Gold’. -   II. Commercial: Bromeliad fruit plant.     -   -   Form.—Terrestrial (in cultivation), with overlapping sessile             leaves from a funnel-formed rosette, surrounding a composite             inflorescence (during anthesis) and with 0 to 3 slips in the             fruit peduncle that initiate before anthesis, and dominant             suckers that are produced in the stem and originate             subsequent crops. -   General description: ‘Honey Gold’ (Before anthesis). -   Stem:     -   -   I. General.—Short, upright and sheathed by overlapping             leaves, each leaf with a dormant axillary bud.         -   II. Stem texture.—Glabrous and fleshy.         -   III. Stem size.—A) Length (above soil level): Usually             between 8 and 15.5 cm at anthesis. B) Diameter between 5 and             7.4 cm at soil level at anthesis.         -   IV. Stem shape.—Cylindrical and with a narrower diameter at             the distal part.         -   V. Stem color.—7,5 GY 7/1. -   Leaves:     -   -   I. General.—Closely overlapping sessile leaves (formed in             acropetal succession) forming a dense rosette, the outline             of which in longitudinal section is roughly heart shaped.             The number of leaves fluctuates between 28 and 57 with a             5/13 phyllotaxy.         -   II. Texture.—A) Upper epidermal area: Glabrous, semi-rigid             and channeled (or concave) except at the leaf tip. C) Lower             epidermal area: Finely striated (longitudinally) and appears             covered with white layer consisting of scale-like trichomes.         -   III. Leaf arrangement.—Alternate and in rosette shape.         -   IV. Leaf margins.—Plane, with rarely found irregularly             spaced small deltoid-cuspidate hooked spines usually located             on the distal portions of leaves.         -   V. Leaf venation.—Parallel.         -   VI. Leaf shape.—Leaves are not uniform in shape and vary             with the position of the leaf on the stem. The basal or             oldest leaves are lanceolate while the base is considerably             expanded. There is a noticeable narrowing in width between             non-chlorophyllous (basal) and chlorophyllous (or main             portion) of the leaves. The longest or most mature leaves             are lanceolate in form but the base is without the arcuate             expansions of the preceding leaves. The remaining leaves (or             center leaves of the plant rosette) are lanceolate in form             with no expansion of width into the base.         -   VII. Leaf size (at anthesis).—A) Length: Usually between 69             and 85 cm for those leaves originating from the medium part             of the stem with a non-chlorophyllous base that usually is             between 2.6 and 6.4 cm of length. B) Width: Normally between             4.1 and 6.0 cm in the mid leaf area of the longest leaves.             The expanded basal disk usually has a maximum width of 7.5             to 10 cm. C) Thickness: In the longest leaves, usually vary             between 1.6 to 2.4 mm at the center of the mid leaf area and             decreased laterally between 0.8 and 1.5 mm at the margin,             while becoming slightly thinner at the tip. The expanded             basal disk at the mid stem area usually has a maximum             thickness of 1.5 to 3.8 mm at the center of the blade and             tapering laterally toward margins up to 0.36 to 1.28 mm. D)             Terminal crown leaves: average size 9.4 cm, number 77; and             margin type smooth.         -   VIII. Color.—A) Upper epidermal surface: 1. General: Color             is usually dominated by yellowish green, olive green, and             reddish green. The color of the basal disk is dominated by a             white hue and light yellow. 2. Chlorophyllous basal disk             area: Commonly light yellowish (5Y 8/1, 5Y 8/2). 3. Mid leaf             area: Commonly olive green (7.5 GY 5/4, 5R 3/4). 4. Leaf tip             area: Commonly olive gray (5.0GY 6/4) reddish purple (5.0RP             4/2). B) Lower epidermal area: 1. General: Commonly olive             green to grayish olive green with pale white basal disk             area. 2. Lower epidermal surface: Scurfy surface that             obscures colors commonly light olive green to grayish olive             green (7.5GY 8/2, 7.5GY 7/2). C) Color of the terminal crown             leaves 5GY 6/4 (predominant) and 2,5 GY 5/3 (secondary). -   Inflorescence (at anthesis):     -   -   I. General.—Flower composite from 80 to 144 fruit-lets borne             per inflorescence of a long peduncle of approximately 21.2             cm length at the apical meristem. Individual bisexual             flowers that consists of three sepals, six stamens, three             stigmas and three carpels. The inflorescence is             self-incompatible producing edible fruit parthenocarpically.         -   II. Texture.—Glabrous and fleshy.         -   III. Shape.—Oval with slightly raised flowers with a reddish             green hue in the crown. Crown leaves are short and erect at             anthesis.         -   IV. Size and color.—Comparable to specimens of Ananas             comosus L. mer. Petal color 10 YR 8/1 and 5RP 6/4.         -   V. Sepal size.—0.4 cm, color 10 R 7/4.         -   VI. Flora bract's length.—2 cm, serrated margin (with tiny             spines); color 2,5 R 7/4. -   Fruit (at harvest):     -   -   I. Size.—Usually has a weight between 433 and 1051 gms with             average fruit of 837 gms. Fruit core's diameter: 2.45 cm.         -   II. Shape.—Cylindrical or slightly conic with small and             prominent fruitlets. Medium crown with thin and semi-rigid             leaves. Average height of the fruit 19-24 cm; diameter of             the fruit: basal 8.92 cm; top 8.46 cm.         -   III. How borne.—Fruit develop from the apical meristem of             the plant on a long peduncle, usually between 19 and 24 cm             length.         -   IV. Color.—A) Shell: Commonly dark green (7.5GY 4/4), olive             green (5.0GY 7/6), reddish (5R 3/6) and/or yellow (10YR             7/8). Fruit core color 2.5 Y 8/6. B) Pulp: Usually light             yellow (5.0Y 8/4 to 5.0Y 8/2).         -   V. Brix.—Typically between 14.40 and 18.10 degrees, with an             average of 16.18.         -   VI. Total acid levels.—Usually between 0.67 and 1.33 gms             citric acid/100 ml of juice (average 0.98).         -   VII. Vitamin C content.—Regularly between 14.73 and 37.36             mg/100 ml of juice, with an average of 21.14. -   Plant/fruit resistance /susceptibility to pests and diseases:     Moderately susceptible to Fusarium subglutinans. Table 2 shows a     further comparison of pest and disease resistance of pineapple     varieties ‘Honey Gold’, ‘Champaka’ and ‘MD2’. -   Others:     -   -   I. Fertility.—As any other grown up pineapple, this plant is             self-compatible. This is the reason why presence of sexual             seeds is almost negative. The materials used for planting             are slips and the non-commercial fruit crowns.         -   II. Vigor.—It is considered that the plant vigor is similar             as to mother plants. It is a slow-growing plant as compared             to other types of pineapple like ‘Champaka’ or the hybrid             ‘MD-2’.         -   III. Yield.—Each plant estimated yield is 61 tons/ha.         -   IV. Market.—Fruit will be designated to the international             fruit market.         -   V. Plant use.—Fruit will be commercialized into the fresh             fruit market. -   Summary of special characteristics of ‘Honey Gold’ selection: The     ‘Honey Gold’ plant presents differences, compared to parental line,     as follows:     -   -   Plant with fewer slips.—According to Chan (1995) Tainung 11             plants usually bear 7 slips while ‘Honey Gold’ plants bear             0-3 slips. Fewer slips reduce contact with the fruit, hence             reducing problems caused by leaves rubbing against the             fruit, accumulation of organic matter, and the concomitant             staining of the fruit base. It also decreases problems of             color inconsistency in the fruit that can be caused by the             shade from a high number of slips.

The fruit presents higher levels of brix, citric and ascorbic acid than mother plants. As a result of the clonal selection process, the ‘Honey Gold’ pineapple has citric acid content that is about 112% as compared to ‘Tainung 11’ and 14.3% higher Brix than ‘Tainung 11’. Ascorbic acid levels are about 28.2% over the levels observed in the original population (original selection of ‘Tainung 11’ plants). ‘Honey Gold’ variety has also fewer spines in the leaves than Tainung 11. These characteristics of the ‘Honey Gold’ plant are stable and reproduced true to type in successive generation of asexual reproduction and are shown in Table 1. Table 3 compares the new variety ‘Honey Gold’ with several other varieties and cultivars; among others is Tainung 11, which is the closest variety.

TABLE 1 Average of inheritance of characteristics in selection material for ‘Honey Gold’ pineapple. F1 represents baseline data of the first generation grown from the parental line. F2 generation was selected based on characteriscs of vigor, thorniness and number of slips. F3 was selected based on characteristics of vigor, thorniness and number of slips, but also on brix and ascorbic acid. F4 represents ‘Honey Gold’ as developed from the parental line by mass clonal selection. The plants of F4 generation display stable inheritance of reduced number of slips per plant and a 40% higher ascorbic acid content than the baseline generation. Ascorbic Citric acid mg/100 Acid Number of Fruit Weight Generation ml g/100 ml Brix Slips (g) F1 14.8 0.77 14.15  0-10 1463 F2 14.7 0.6 15.95 0-7 999 F3 21.2 1.0 15.60 0-3 757 F4 20.6 0.9 14.40 0-3 954

-   Individual plant description: The following is a general description     of a new pineapple plant variety that was grown by vegetative     propagation (cloning selection) in a nursery in Buenos Aires,     Puntarenas, Costa Rica.     -   -   Plant age.—10 months after initial propagation and 3 months             after forcing.         -   Plant diameter.—About 77 cm between opposite leaf tips.         -   Plant height.—79 cm above ground surface. -   Stem:     -   -   I) Length.—12 cm.         -   II) Diameter.—7.0 cm at base. -   Leaves:     -   -   I) Number.—42.         -   II) Length.—75 cm at longest leaves.         -   III) Width (largest leaves).—At mid leaf (max) 5.2 cm; at             basal disk area (max) 8.7 cm.         -   IV) Thickness.—1.8 mm along the axis.         -   V) Color.—A) Upper epidermal area — Chlorophyllous area:             Commonly olive green (5.0GY 6/4 and 5.GY 5/4) and reddish             brown (5R 8/3). B) Upper epidermal area — Non-Chlorophyllous             area: Commonly pale white (5Y 8/1). C) Lower epidermal area:             Commonly from olive green to grayish olive green (7.5GY 8/2             and 7.5GY 7/2). -   Inflorescence:     -   -   General.—Composite flower with an inflorescence borne from a             long peduncle of approximately 13 cm length at the apical             meristem. The flower is composed of 136 fruitlets. Petals             are white (10YR 8/1) in the proximal part, and pale lilac             (5RP6/4) in the distal part. -   Comparison of ‘Honey Gold’ with other pineapple varieties: There are     many pineapple varieties grown world wide; however the majority of     the varieties are grown for local consumption. By contrast, only two     varieties comprise the vast majority of pineapple grown for     commercial distribution (either for fresh or canned). These two     varieties are ‘Champaka’ (also known as ‘Smooth Cayene’) and ‘MD2’.     A third variety (‘CO2’) is also only grown for export purposes, but     is not widely cultivated. Since ‘Honey Gold’ will be grown for     export to the US, Europe, and other locations, most of the     comparison data generated is made versus ‘Champaka’ and ‘MD2’.

Table 2 depicts differences in susceptibility to pests and diseases: ‘Honey Gold’ and ‘Champaka’ are less susceptible than ‘MD2’ to Thielaviopsis sp. (common fruit rot) and Elarphia sp. (a moth species). Otherwise, all three varieties are similar in their response to pests and diseases.

TABLE 2 Susceptibility of certain commercial pineapple varieties to pests and diseases. Pineapple Variety Pest and diseases Honey Gold MD2 Champaka Elaphria sp. S   S+ S Melybug S S S (Dysmicocus brevipes) Thecla (Strymon S S S basilides) Thielaviopsis S   S+ S paradoxa in fruit (T.V) Phytophtora S S S parasitica Helicotylenchus sp. S S S Meloidegyne sp. S S S Pratylenchus sp. S S S (S = susceptible, S+ = very susceptible)

The result in Table 3 show that ‘Honey Gold’ has a longer shelf life than ‘MD2’ because color development of the shell is slower and the variety is less affected by cosmetic defects such as dehydration spots, brown spots and fruit fermentation.

TABLE 3 Comparison of some of the post harvest characteristics of ‘MD2’ vs. Honey Gold. External Appearance (at days after harvest) Fruit Shell color Dehydration Brown Spot Fermentation development* spot (%) (%) (%) Days after harvest 15 21 15 21 15 21 Variety 0 15 21 dah** dah dah dah dah dah MD2 2 3.1 5.0 23.0 56.0 3.0 7.1 0 9.0 Honey 2 2.9 2.8 2.5 2.1 0 0 0 3.5 Gold *Shell color was evaluated on a scale of 12-5 with 1 = green, 5 = completely yellow. **dah = days after harvest

Table 4 compares the characteristics of export vs. local varieties. This table also gives comparison between ‘Honey Gold’ and the closes tvariety Tainung 11. The characteristics of ‘Honey Gold’ differ from those of other varieties in the following ways:

-   -   1. Slips. ‘Honey Gold’, ‘MD2’, ‘CO2’ and ‘Red Spanish’ have         significantly fewer slips than the other varieties.     -   2. Fruit weight. The fruit weight of ‘Honey Gold’ tends to be         significantly less than that of the other varieties commonly         grown commercially for the export markets.     -   3. Ascorbic acid. The ascorbic acid content of ‘Honey Gold’ is         intermediate between the low ascorbic acid producing varieties         (‘Champaka’ and ‘Tainung’) and the high ascorbic acid producing         varieties (‘MD2’ and ‘CO2’).     -   4. Citric acid. The citric acid content of ‘Honey Gold’ is         clearly the highest among all the varieties for which data is         available.     -   5. Brix. The sugar content (measured as degrees Brix) of ‘Honey         Gold’ is also very high, but almost all pineapple except ‘Red         Spanish’, ‘Perola’ and ‘Queen’ have very high brix.     -   6. Age to forcing. ‘Honey Gold’ is relatively slow growing, but         data is not available for most varieties in the table.     -   7. Spininess. Presence of spines on leaves is a characteristic         that is commonly used to differentiate among pineapple         varieties. ‘Honey Gold’ is among the varieties that rarely have         spines. By contrast, spines are common on the leaves of         ‘Sarawak’, ‘Mauritius’, ‘Red Spanish’, ‘Tainung 11’, ‘Perola’         and ‘Queen’.

TABLE 4 Comparative characteristics of several varieties and cultivars of pineapple Number of Fruit weight Ascorbic acid Variety/ Slips (gr0 (mg/100 ml) Cultivar Average Range Average Range Average Range MD-2⁽¹ 1.2 0-3 1820 1070- 53.06 37.00- 2560  69.06  Honey Gold 1.5 0-3 1033  450- 21.14 14.73- 1678 37.36  Champaka 1.1 1710  420- 12.91 8.10- F153⁽² 3010 17.72  Champaka 1.5 2328 F152⁽³ CO-2⁽⁴ 2-3 2059 1297- 30.8- 2590  55.50  Singapore  2-12 1000 Spanish⁽⁵ Sarawak⁽⁵ 0 2000- 4000  Mauritius⁽⁵ 0  500- 1500 Josephine⁽⁶ 1100- 1300  Scarlett⁽⁶ 1400- 2000  Red 1-3 1200- Spanish⁽⁶ 2000  Tainung 11⁽⁷ 6.9 991  733- 10.40- 1269 18.50  Imperial⁽⁸ 9.0 1792 Perolera⁽⁸  8-10 1800 Perolera o 10-15 1000- Pernambuco⁽¹⁰ 1500  Primavera⁽¹⁰  7-10 1300 Queen⁽¹¹ 4.0  500- 26.00 1000 Citric acid Variety/ (gr/100 ml) Brix Cultivar Average Range Average Range MD-2⁽¹ 0.6 0.36-0.84 15.05 12.9-17.2 Honey Gold 0.98 0.67-1.33 16.18 14.4-18.1 Champaka 0.72 0.54-0.90 14.33 11.6-17.0 F153⁽² Champaka 0.73 14.97 F152⁽³ CO-2⁽⁴ 0.42-0.91 15.0-16.7 Singapore 0.50-0.60 10.0-12.0 Spanish⁽⁵ Sarawak⁽⁵ 0.30-0.65 14.0-17.0 Mauritius⁽⁵ 0.40-0.60 15.0-17.0 Josephine⁽⁶ 17.0-22.0 Scarlett⁽⁶ 15.0-18.0 Red 12 Spanish⁽⁶ Tainung 11⁽⁷ 0.50 0.40-0.60 14 13.2-15.1 Imperial⁽⁸ 0.62 15.8 Perolera⁽⁸ 0.64 13.1 Perolera o 14-16 Pernambuco⁽¹⁰ Primavera⁽¹⁰ 0.51 13 Queen⁽¹¹ 0.56 14-16 ¹⁾Pindeco's historical data base and monthly research report April 2001; Bartholomew et al. Pineapple Botany, Production and Uses. ²⁾Pindeco's fruit historical data base. Pindeco's forcing plant weithg data base. ³⁾Research report PRI No 63. July 1969. Tables 16, 21 and 29. ⁴⁾Plant patent 8,863 ⁵⁾Wee, Y. C. 1972. Some common pineapple cultivars of west Malaysia. Malays, Pineapple pp 7-13. ⁶⁾Bartholomew et al. 2003 The Pineapple, Botany, Production and Uses. ⁷⁾Chang, Ching-Chyn, 1995 Tainung No 13 Pineapple. Jour. Agric. Res. China 44(2):287-296. ⁸⁾Pinto da Cunha et al. O abacaxizeiro. Pineapple News Issue No 10 May 2003. ⁹⁾Pinto da Cunha et al. O abacaxizeiro. Py et al. The pineapple Cultivation and uses. ¹⁰⁾Pinto da Cunha et al. O abacaxizeiro. Bartholomew et al. The Pineapple Botany, Production and Uses. Del Monte pineapple germplasm collection database.

-   Literature: Chang, C. C. 1995. Tainung No. 13 pineapple. Jour.     Agric. Res. China 44 (3): 287-296. Chang, C. C., Chen-Yung, W. 1997.     Pineapple breeding. In: Chang-LinRen (eds.). Proceedings of a     Symposium on Enhancing Competitiveness of Fruit Industry. Special     Publication No. 38, Taichung District Agricultural Improvement     Station, Taichung, Taiwan. Pp 107-122. 

1. A new and distinct variety of Ananas comosus plant named ‘Honey Gold’ as shown and described herein. 